Glutathione

Glutathione (reduced form, GSH) is a tripeptide consisting of γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine, ubiquitous as the principal intracellular antioxidant across mammalian, plant, and microbial cells. The peer-reviewed literature catalogs glutathione across redox-biology research, oxidative-stress investigations, glutathione-conjugation enzyme studies (glutathione-S-transferase family), and detoxification-pathway research. Investigators use structurally defined synthetic glutathione as a reference material for in-vitro biochemistry and as a standard in analytical-method development. Its molecular identity is fixed by composition and structural confirmation against PubChem CID 124886, empirical formula C10H17N3O6S, with CAS Registry Number 70-18-8. Supplied for laboratory characterization, in-vitro biochemistry assays, and analytical-method standardization only. For research use only; not for human consumption, medical use, or veterinary application. Researchers should consult primary literature for context-specific experimental conditions.

Glutathione is an unusual tripeptide whose N-terminal glutamate residue is linked to cysteine through a γ-peptide bond rather than the canonical α-peptide bond — a feature that provides resistance to standard peptidase cleavage and that defines the glutathione biosynthetic pathway as enzymatically distinct from ribosomal protein synthesis. The free thiol on the cysteine residue drives the molecule's redox-cycling chemistry, undergoing reversible oxidation to glutathione disulfide (GSSG) under cellular oxidative-stress conditions. Pharmacokinetic descriptors documented in published animal-model investigations include rapid plasma turnover under standard parenteral paradigms, with γ-glutamyl-transferase mediating extracellular catabolism. Interaction profile in the literature centers on glutathione-S-transferase enzyme conjugation reactions, redox-cycling intersection with the GSSG/GSH ratio, and antioxidant-pathway research. All activity descriptors here are framed as documented in published research.

Experimental domains documented in the published literature include redox-biology research probing the cellular GSSG/GSH ratio, oxidative-stress pathway investigations in cell-culture and animal-model contexts, glutathione-S-transferase enzyme kinetics and conjugation studies, detoxification-pathway research, mass-spectrometry analytical-method development where glutathione serves as an internal standard, and structure-activity work probing the role of the unusual γ-peptide bond. Investigators have also characterized glutathione across plant and microbial-redox biology, mitochondrial-function research, and pharmaceutical-conjugate analytical chemistry. Use in laboratory research extends to mechanism-elucidation paradigms where the tripeptide serves as the foundational antioxidant reference standard. The reference material is supplied for these and equivalent in-vitro and analytical experimental contexts only, with no associated guidance for human, clinical, or veterinary application.

Each lot is characterized by reverse-phase HPLC for chromatographic purity and by mass spectrometry for molecular-ion confirmation against the C10H17N3O6S empirical formula. Purity is reported as an HPLC-area percentage on the Certificate of Analysis distributed with every lot, alongside the molecular-weight match within instrument tolerance. Free-thiol content is determined by Ellman-reagent assay or analogous thiol-quantification method when included in the release specification — an important parameter given the molecule's redox-active cysteine residue. Peptide content where applicable is determined by amino-acid analysis or nitrogen-content assay following the analytical method specified on the COA. The COA records the lot identifier, manufacturing date, and analytical method versions used, providing a traceable provenance chain from synthesis through release. Researchers requiring batch-level analytical detail should reference the COA distributed with the supplied material.

For laboratory storage, the lyophilized reference standard should be held at −20°C in its sealed, light-protected, oxygen-restricted container until ready for analytical use. The free-thiol cysteine residue is sensitive to atmospheric oxidation — exposure to air over extended periods can drive conversion to the GSSG disulfide form, perturbing the reduced-to-oxidized ratio of supplied material. Allow vials to equilibrate to ambient temperature before opening to avoid moisture condensation. Reconstitution for in-vitro experimental use is typically performed in deoxygenated buffer or under inert-atmosphere conditions when the redox state is assay-critical. Once reconstituted, store at 2–8°C and use promptly. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. These handling parameters reflect general best-practice for redox-active tripeptide reference standards and do not constitute preparation guidance for human or veterinary application.